Thinker
José Casanova
José Casanova is central to 4 previous-year questions, spanning 2009 to 2024 across Paper I and Paper II. Everything below is drawn from the official papers — the questions themselves, the concepts they test, and where they sit in the syllabus.
4Questions
2009–24Years tested
I & IIPaper
2Syllabus topics
Concepts asked alongside José Casanova
What the examiner actually wants you to know when this name appears.
secularization thesis 3desecularization 2differentiation 2communalism and identityconflict and complementaritydeprivatisation of religiondesecularisationdisenchantmentmodernizationprivatization of religionpublic religionrationalisationreligion in modernityreligious pluralismsecularisation
Where José Casanova appears in the syllabus
Every question on José Casanova
Each links to a full breakdown — how to approach it, a model answer, and the examiner’s perspective.
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