Thinker
Marc Galanter
Marc Galanter is central to 4 previous-year questions, spanning 2009 to 2025 across Paper I and Paper II. Everything below is drawn from the official papers — the questions themselves, the concepts they test, and where they sit in the syllabus.
4Questions
2009–25Years tested
I & IIPaper
3Syllabus topics
Concepts asked alongside Marc Galanter
What the examiner actually wants you to know when this name appears.
creamy layer 3protective discrimination 2substantive equality 2affirmative actioncompensatory discriminationgap between law in books and law in actionlaw as an instrument of social changelegal pluralismlegislation and social reformpolitical empowermentpositive discriminationreflective and directive functions of lawreservationreservation policyreverse discriminationsocial change through law
Where Marc Galanter appears in the syllabus
Every question on Marc Galanter
Each links to a full breakdown — how to approach it, a model answer, and the examiner’s perspective.
2019
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